Ecologies of friction in digital platform investment
Mikko Laamanen, Karolina Mikolajewska-Zajac
taylorfrancis.com
Digital platforms are underpinned by the ideal of a frictionless
market, obscuring the simultaneous practices of market
monopolisation and the restriction of consumer choice and
movement. This concurrent removal and erection of barriers to
participation triggers ecosystemic responses such as individual
adaptations and establishing alternative organisations to counter
the progression of these ‘walled gardens’. In this article, we
contribute to theorising ecologies of friction in the platform
economy, drawing on Tsing’s friction in the creation of global
connections, Orbach’s friction paradox, and Bateson’s ecological
epistemology. Analysing a European short-term rental platform
cooperative’s difficult launch, we ask: How do frictions emerge on
alternative platforms in the digital economy, and what effect do
they have on prefiguring the platform business? Frictions become
apparent in platform investment, a complex resource-allocating
relationship binding together multiple stakeholders, laden with
expectations about the future. We highlight the interconnected
frictions of individual investment into platform work, collective
investment into platform participation, and resource investment
into the business model. These are bound with platform
organising, community development, and managing scale as the
cooperative tries to prefigure a future platform economy in
establishing its current practice. We contribute by extending the
concept of ecologies of friction in connecting individual and
collective investment with ideas around platform growth. We
illustrate how all platform economy actors – participants and
platforms alike – are entangled in frictions. We suggest that
alternative platforms’ struggles are largely caused by the
impossibility of escaping the broader ecosystemic dynamics
established by dominant platform imaginaries