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Dynamics of nutrients and oxygen/hydrogen sulfide in the Baltic Sea deep water
Bo G. Gustafsson, Anders Stigebrandt
Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences·2007·48 citations
The water in the deepest basins of the Baltic Sea is only intermittently renewed. The interval between water renewals, so‐called stagnation periods, are typically several years during which only turbulent diffusive exchange of matter occurs with overlying water. The diffusive fluxes of nutrients, oxygen, and hydrogen sulfide through the 150‐m level in the Eastern Gotland deep basin were computed from high‐quality hydrographic and hydrochemical observations. Comparing diffusive fluxes with observed storage changes in the basin water, the residual corresponding to the net source or sink due to biogeochemical transformations could be obtained. It is found that decomposition rates of organic matter vary by a factor of about 3.5 mostly owing to variations in redox conditions. On average, 15.8 gC m−2 yr−1 are decomposed in the deep basin. No trend is found in the investigated period 1965–2005. The variability of the phosphate source is dominated by release of dissolved phosphate from particulate iron‐bound phosphate at oxic to anoxic transitions. It is found that the deep sediments release about 3 gP m−2 when overlying water turns anoxic. Denitrification rates are on average 2.6 gN m−2 yr−1, but also these are highly variable depending on redox conditions. By adding observed organic matter accumulation in the sediments to the estimated organic matter decomposition, we conclude that the supply of organic matter through the 150 m horizon is about 30.6 gC m−2 yr−1. Further, the results corroborate that the nutrient content of the organic matter supply follows approximately the Redfield ratio.
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View paper →Perceived Antisemitism and Mental Health in Jewish Mothers and Their Children
Shira R. Mattuck, David J. Francis, Elena L. Grigorenko
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology·2026
Despite evidence indicating that antisemitism is a significant and growing form of discrimination, there is a dearth of research on the impact of antisemitism on mental health in Jewish populations. This article presents findings from the first known quantitative study on perceived antisemitism and mental health in Jewish women and their children. Specifically, we investigate the relationship between perceived discrimination and, primarily, externalizing, and, secondarily, internalizing symptoms mediated by both parental psychopathology and negative parenting behaviors. A total of
228 Jewish mothers (Mage = 36.79, SD = 5.18) residing in the United States participated in
this study and answered questions about a single preschool-age child (2-5 years; Mage =
3.90, SD = 1.01, female = 113). We observed significant positive associations between
maternal perceived antisemitism (MPA) and both maternal and child psychopathology.
Using structural equation modeling, we established that maternal psychopathology significantly mediated the relationship between MPA and children's total externalizing and internalizing symptoms but not callous-unemotional (CU) traits. Parenting behaviors were found to significantly mediate the relationship between MA and CU traits. This study also included an initial evaluation of several novel assessments of perceived antisemitism. According to these assessments, more than 78% of participants reported having felt unsafe to be identifiably Jewish in public settings for fear of physical harassment, highlighting the pervasiveness of reported perceptions of antisemitic experiences. The findings underscore the need for further research on antisemitism and mental health outcomes in Jewish communities in the diaspora, particularly among children.
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