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ChatGPT is bullshit

Michael Townsen Hicks, James Humphries, Joe Slater

Ethics and Information Technology·2024·211 citations

AbstractRecently, there has been considerable interest in large language models: machine learning systems which produce human-like text and dialogue. Applications of these systems have been plagued by persistent inaccuracies in their output; these are often called “AI hallucinations”. We argue that these falsehoods, and the overall activity of large language models, is better understood as bullshit in the sense explored by Frankfurt (On Bullshit, Princeton, 2005): the models are in an important way indifferent to the truth of their outputs. We distinguish two ways in which the models can be said to be bullshitters, and argue that they clearly meet at least one of these definitions. We further argue that describing AI misrepresentations as bullshit is both a more useful and more accurate way of predicting and discussing the behaviour of these systems.

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Detecting Fake News with Machine Learning Method

Supanya Aphiwongsophon, Prabhas Chongstitvatana

2018 15th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON)·2018·104 citations

No abstract available

★ 1.0 (1)

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Knowledge and Acknowledgement: ‘Epistemic Injustice’ as a Problem of Recognition

Jane McConkey

Politics·2004·52 citations

‘Epistemic injustice’ concerns the process of credibility conferral upon knowledge claimants. The contention is that individuals belonging to marginalised or underprivileged groups may suffer from a lack of credibility when they deserve to be counted as credible knowers. Although this may appear to be a problem confined to epistemology, it also resonates with debates in justice theory over questions of ‘recognition’. This is demonstrated by linking epistemic injustice to cultural forms of oppression, in this case ‘cultural imperialism’.

★ 1.0 (1)

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Is Gambling Really Threatening the Integrity of Sports? | The New Yorker

Jay Caspian Kang

The New Yorker·2025

Jay Caspian Kang on the increase in writers and pundits railing against legalized sports betting, after a recent N.B.A. scandal, and the pitfalls of their arguments.

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Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel

Brian A. Ference, Henry N. Ginsberg, Ian Graham, Kausik K. Ray, Chris J. Packard, Eric Bruckert, Robert A. Hegele, Ronald M. Krauss, Frederick J. Raal, Heribert Schunkert, Gerald F. Watts, Jan Borén, Sergio Fazio, Jay D. Horton, Luis Masana, Stephen J. Nicholls, Børge G. Nordestgaard, Bart van de Sluis, Marja-Riitta Taskinen, Lale Tokgözoğlu, Ulf Landmesser, Ulrich Laufs, Olov Wiklund, Jane K. Stock, M. John Chapman, Alberico L. Catapano

European Heart Journal·2017·3111 citations

No abstract available

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Selling masculinity – A qualitative analysis of gender representations in social media content about “low T”

Emma Grundtvig Gram, Barbara Mintzes, Tessa Copp, Ray Moynihan, Anthony Brown, Patti Shih, Brooke Nickel

Social Science & Medicine·2026

Testosterone has long been advertised through gendered messages that link masculinity with strength, sexual performance and vitality. In recent years, this marketing has moved onto social media, where platforms offer new ways to target audiences and shape ideas about men's health. This study examines how gender and masculinity are portrayed in social media content about testosterone testing and treatment on Instagram and TikTok. Using qualitative content analysis informed by performativity theories, we constructed four themes: (1) low testosterone as a crisis of masculinity and male sexual performance; (2) the rebranding of low testosterone from an “old man's problem” to an issue affecting younger men and their fitness; (3) self-optimisation tied to stereotypical masculine ideals; and (4) the construction of a binary opposition between being a “real man” and being feminine. These portrayals align with wider online communities, often referred to as the “manosphere”, which circulate narrow and exclusionary ideas of masculinity and regressive ideas and attitudes towards femininities. The analysed social media posts prey on men's insecurities about relationships and sexual performance and co-opt advocates' emancipatory language to sell testosterone products. Such portrayals of masculinity have medicalising implications for how men perceive themselves and their mental health, but also promote capitalistic practices like consumption of testosterone products for improving the masculine self without supporting evidence.

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Vegetarian diet and healthy aging among Chinese older adults: a prospective study

Guliyeerke Jigeer, Kaiyue Wang, Yuebing Lv, Katherine L. Tucker, Xiuhua Shen, Fan Chen, Liang Sun, Xiaoming Shi, Yaqi Li, Xiang Gao

npj Aging·2025·3 citations

Abstract Vegetarian diets are increasingly popular worldwide, but their impact on healthy aging in older adults remains unclear. This study examined the association between vegetarian diets and healthy aging among 2,888 healthy older Chinese adults from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Dietary patterns (vegan, ovo-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian, omnivorous) were derived from a simplified non-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Over a median follow-up of 6 years, after accounting for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, vegetarians had lower odds of achieving healthy aging compared to omnivores (adjusted OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.47-0.89), with consistent results across sensitivity analyses and individual health components. Additionally, the health effects of vegetarian diets may vary depending on diet quality, with vegetarians of higher diet quality not significantly differing in terms of overall healthy aging and individual outcomes when compared to omnivores. Accordingly, this finding highlights modest inclusion of animal-based foods may improve the overall health status of healthy older adults.

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Avoiding capture Samuel Ely Bagg, <i>The Dispersion of Power</i> , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2024; 304pp, £90

Robert Jubb

European Journal of Political Theory·2025

Samuel Bagg's The Dispersion of Power: A Critical Realist Theory of Democracy is an excellent book. It lays out and defends, in detail, an ambitious new account of the significance of democratic institutions and practices, which it sees as centrally concerned with avoiding state capture. That account powerfully illuminates many important topics in democratic theory, responding in persuasive and novel ways to old questions as well as offering new areas to explore. However, its near-exclusive focus on domination by the very wealthy may limit the insights it can provide. The idea of state capture's full power may only be made available though by adopting a more varied account of the common good that it stymies, and of the interests that may mobilize against those shared interests.

★ 2.0 (1)

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Folk Classification and Factor Rotations: Whales, Sharks, and the Problems With the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP)

Gerald J. Haeffel, Bertus F. Jeronimus, Bonnie N. Kaiser, Lesley Jo Weaver, Peter D. Soyster, Aaron J. Fisher, Ivan Vargas, Jason T. Goodson, Wei Lu

Clinical Psychological Science·2021·38 citations

The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) uses factor analysis to group self-reported symptoms of mental illness (i.e., like goes with like). It is hailed as a significant improvement over other diagnostic taxonomies. However, the purported advantages and fundamental assumptions of HiTOP have received little, if any, scientific scrutiny. We critically evaluated five fundamental claims about HiTOP. We conclude that HiTOP does not demonstrate a high degree of verisimilitude and has the potential to hinder progress on understanding the etiology of psychopathology. It does not lend itself to theory building or taxonomic evolution, and it cannot account for multifinality, equifinality, or developmental and etiological processes. In its current form, HiTOP is not ready to use in clinical settings and may result in algorithmic bias against underrepresented groups. We recommend a bifurcation strategy moving forward in which the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is used in clinical settings while researchers focus on developing a falsifiable theory-based classification system.

★ 2.0 (1)

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Newest and Lowest Rated Papers

ChatGPT is bullshit

Detecting Fake News with Machine Learning Method

Knowledge and Acknowledgement: ‘Epistemic Injustice’ as a Problem of Recognition

Is Gambling Really Threatening the Integrity of Sports? | The New Yorker

Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel

Optimal dietary patterns for healthy aging

Selling masculinity – A qualitative analysis of gender representations in social media content about “low T”

LDL cholesteryl oleate as a predictor for atherosclerosis: evidence from human and animal studies on dietary fat

Vegetarian diet and healthy aging among Chinese older adults: a prospective study

On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots

Avoiding capture Samuel Ely Bagg, <i>The Dispersion of Power</i> , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2024; 304pp, £90

Folk Classification and Factor Rotations: Whales, Sharks, and the Problems With the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP)