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Crime and Education
Stephen Machin, Matteo Sandi
Annual Review of Economics·2025·3 citations
Research studying the connections between crime and education is a prominent aspect of the big increase of publication and research interest in the economics of crime field. This work demonstrates a crime-reducing impact of education, which can be interpreted as causal through leveraging research designs (e.g., based on education policy changes) that ensure the direction of causality flows from education to crime. A significant body of research also explores in detail, and in various directions, the means by which education has a crime-reducing impact. This includes evidence on incapacitation- versus productivity-raising aspects of education and on the quality of schooling at different stages of education, ranging from early age interventions through primary and secondary schooling to policy changes that alter the school dropout age. This evidence base shows that there are education policies that have been effective crime prevention tools in many settings around the world.
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View paper →An initial framework for the study of internalized racism and health: Internalized racism as a racism‐induced identity threat response
Drexler James
Social and Personality Psychology Compass·2022·27 citations
Abstract
Internalized racism (IR) is sometimes conceptualized as a
form of racism
, a
psychological response
to experiencing racism, and/or an
external sociocultural process
. However, while a growing body of work shows that IR is associated with adverse health among racial minorities, this work is limited in explaining this association. I present an integrated framework using the
Stigma‐induced Identity Threat Model
and the
Minority Stress Theory Model
to help better understand the mechanisms through which IR gets both “under the skin” and “into the mind” to impact health. With this integrated framework, I suggest IR is both a source of race‐ and racism‐related stress
and
a consequence of experiencing racism that increases risk of adverse health directly, and indirectly via psychological, biophysiological, and behavioral stress responses. Primarily, I argue IR is a racism‐induced identity threat response that triggers stress‐related psychological (e.g., hopelessness) and biophysiological (e.g., autonomic nervous system activation) responses, and increases engagement in maladaptive coping behaviors (e.g., drug use). These stress responses then operate as mechanisms through which IR is associated with adverse health. I discuss limitations of this initial framework and IR scholarship, along with directions for future research.
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