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The GPI-Anchored GH76 Protein Dfg5 Affects Hyphal Morphology and Osmoregulation in the Mycoparasite Trichoderma atroviride and Is Interconnected With MAPK Signaling

Lea Atanasova, Dubraska Moreno-Ruiz, Clemens Grünwald-Gruber, Viktoria Hell, Susanne Zeilinger

Frontiers in Microbiology·2021·10 citations

The fungal cell wall is composed of a cross-linked matrix of chitin, glucans, mannans, galactomannans, and cell wall proteins with mannan chains. Cell wall mannans are directly attached to the cell wall core, while the majority of mannoproteins is produced with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor and then transferred to β-1,6-glucan in the cell wall. In this study, we functionally characterized the transmembrane protein Dfg5 of the glycoside hydrolase family 76 (GH76) in the fungal mycoparasite Trichoderma atroviride, whose ortholog has recently been proposed to cross-link glycoproteins into the cell wall of yeast and fungi. We show that the T. atroviride Dfg5 candidate is a GPI-anchored, transmembrane, 6-hairpin member of the GH76 Dfg5 subfamily that plays an important role in hyphal morphology in this mycoparasite. Alterations in the release of proteins associated with cell wall remodeling as well as a higher amount of non-covalently bonded cell surface proteins were detected in the mutants compared to the wild-type. Gene expression analysis suggests that transcript levels of genes involved in glucan synthesis, of proteases involved in mycoparasitism, and of the Tmk1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-encoding gene are influenced by Dfg5, whereas Tmk3 governs Dfg5 transcription. We show that Dfg5 controls important physiological properties of T. atroviride, such as osmotic stress resistance, hyphal morphology, and cell wall stability.

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Anthropogenic climate change is worsening North American pollen seasons

William R L Anderegg, School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112;, John T Abatzoglou, Management of Complex Systems Department, University of California, Merced, CA 95343;, Leander D L Anderegg, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;, Department of Evology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106;, Leonard Bielory, Center for Environmental Prediction, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08854;, Department of Medicine, Allergy and Immunology and Ophthalmology, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110;, New Jersey Center for Science, Technology and Mathematics, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083;, Patrick L Kinney, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118;, Lewis Ziska, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2021

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7896283/

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The benefits of reading for pleasure

Timothy du Sautoy

InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice·2021·3 citations

What are you reading for pleasure at the moment? Many of us may confess to not having the time or inclination to read for pleasure. Indeed, we have enough to read in the form of journals, textbooks and clinical documents in our day-to-day work, as well as in our continuing professional development. So you are not alone if you struggle to answer this question. This article aims to demonstrate that the benefits of reading for pleasure may be more far reaching, more applicable to general practice, and more applicable to our patients, than you might expect.

★ 5.0 (1)

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Detecting the need for change: How the British Army adapted to warfare on the Western Front and in the Southern Cameroons

Michael A. Hunzeker, Kristen A. Harkness

European Journal of International Security·2021·2 citations

AbstractThis article addresses a gap in the literature on military adaptation by focusing on the first step in the adaptive process: detecting failure. We argue that institutionalised feedback loops are a critical mechanism for facilitating detection. Feedback loops are most effective when they filter information and distribute lessons learned to senior tactical commanders. In turn, effective filtration depends on incorporating frontline soldiers and specialists into intelligence cells while creating a protected space for dissent. We evaluate our theory against both irregular and conventional wars fought by the British Army: the counterinsurgency campaign in the Southern Cameroons (1960–1) as well as the evolution of British assault tactics on the Western Front of the First World War (1914–18).

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Gender, Widowhood and Female Solidarity: A Study on Female Friendships of later-life widows

Sayendri Panchadhyayi

Research on Ageing and Social Policy·2021·3 citations

Friendship is an intrinsic aspect of living across generations. However, the significance of friendship for the silver generation has received limited attention from gerontological studies in India. Considering that widowhood is accompanied by loneliness, bereavement and stigma, I am interested to understand the implications of widowhood for elderly women and to what extent friendship has the potential in countering and negotiating with ageing and widowhood. This is further important in demystifying the myth of transient nature of female friendship and illuminate on the spaces of female solidarity. The study has incorporated qualitative interviewing and oral narratives administered through semi-structured questionnaire conducted in the setting of the respective residence of the respondents. It was found that the social context of ageing and the structural context shape the experiences of friendship. Friendship can be low maintenance for these women; however a friend is one through interaction with whom one derives equanimity contentment and meaning for leading life without the presence of spouse. They challenged the notion of normative understanding of friendship by identifying kin members sometimes across generations as friends. Female friendship is not fragile and they feel that it is more intense and laden with emotions compared to male friendship.

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The Role of Exercise in Management of Mental Health Disorders: An Integrative Review

Patrick J. Smith, Rhonda M. Merwin

Annual Review of Medicine·2021·262 citations

A large and growing body of evidence suggests that physical activity (PA) may hold therapeutic promise in the management of mental health disorders. Most evidence linking PA to mental health outcomes has focused on the effects of aerobic exercise training on depression, although a growing body of work supports the efficacy of both aerobic and resistance exercise paradigms in the treatment of anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Despite abundant evidence linking PA and mental health, use of exercise training as a mental health treatment remains limited due to three important sources of uncertainty: ( a) large individual differences in response to exercise treatment within multiple mental health domains; ( b) the critical importance of sustained PA engagement, not always achieved, for therapeutic benefit; and ( c) disagreement regarding the relative importance of putative therapeutic mechanisms. Our review of treatment data on exercise interventions and mental health outcomes focuses primarily on depression and anxiety within a health neuroscience framework. Within this conceptual framework, neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms may have additiveor synergistic influences on key cognitive and behavioral processes that influence mental health outcomes. We therefore highlight sources of treatment heterogeneity by integrating the critical influences of ( a) neurobiological mechanisms enhancing neuroplasticity and ( b) behavioral learning of self-regulatory skills. Understanding the interrelationships between dynamic neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms may help inform personalized mental health treatments and clarify why, and for whom, exercise improves mental health outcomes. The review concludes with recommendations for future studies leveraging individual differences to refine treatment approaches to optimize mental health benefits.

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Making sense of teacher agency for change with social and epistemic network analysis

Nataša Pantić, Sarah Galey, Lani Florian, Srećko Joksimović, Gil Viry, Dragan Gašević, Helén Knutes Nyqvist, Krystallia Kyritsi

Journal of Educational Change·2021·42 citations

AbstractReference to teachers as agents of change has become commonplace in the education literature, including change toward more inclusive practice in response to the changing demographic of schooling. Yet, little is known about how teacher agency relates to (1) their understanding of, and commitment to any given change agenda and (2) the institutional and social structures through which they are able to access knowledge and resources within and beyond their schools. This study combined social and epistemic network analysis to examine teachers’ understanding of change and their sense of agency as they use their social networks to mobilise support for furthering change that matters to them. Our study is the first to apply this learning analytic approach in a real setting context. We used theories of teacher agency and inclusive pedagogy to interpret teachers’ social interactions in light of the extent to which they seek to make a difference toward greater inclusion. We collected data with an online log completed by teachers and other staff in two schools in Sweden over 6 months. The findings suggest that teachers understanding of change is embedded in their day-to-day activities such as student support, lesson planning, improvement of programs, and working conditions. Teachers tend to exercise agency toward inclusion when they seek to support student learning and well-being. When teachers act as agents of change, their social networks are bigger, more diverse and more collaborative than in situations in which they act as role implementers. We discuss substantive and methodological implications of these findings.

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The Evolution of “Sinicisation” | Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society

FANGYI CHENG

Cambridge Core·2021

This paper traces the history and usage of the theory of Sinicisation in western and Chinese scholarship, and discusses the intellectual trends underlying the different discourses in which the theory has been adopted. Since early 20th Century, the theory of “Sinicisation” has evolved and was adopted into three distinct historiographical discourses to construct different arguments. The first discourse is about the historical acculturation of border peoples and assimilation of domestic peoples to Chinese language, culture and economic life; the second one argues an inherent superiority in Chinese culture specifically produced cultural change across eastern Eurasia to promote nationalism; the third discourse emphasizes the diversity and mixture of the people living inside historical and contemporary China to construct and stabilise the polity. Every discourse rooted in its own intellectual trend, and also faces different criticism. Followed with examining criticisms of Sinicisation since the 1950s, this paper concludes by discussing the relationships of the three discourses of Sinicisation.

★ 3.0 (1)

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Newest Papers

The GPI-Anchored GH76 Protein Dfg5 Affects Hyphal Morphology and Osmoregulation in the Mycoparasite Trichoderma atroviride and Is Interconnected With MAPK Signaling

Anthropogenic climate change is worsening North American pollen seasons

For whom is ignorance bliss? Ignorance, its functions and transformative potential in trans health

The benefits of reading for pleasure

Detecting the need for change: How the British Army adapted to warfare on the Western Front and in the Southern Cameroons

Cryonics: Science or Religion

Gender, Widowhood and Female Solidarity: A Study on Female Friendships of later-life widows

The Role of Exercise in Management of Mental Health Disorders: An Integrative Review

Making sense of teacher agency for change with social and epistemic network analysis

A lethal imitation game? Exploring links among psychoactive substance use, self-harming behaviors and celebrity worship

The Evolution of “Sinicisation” | Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society

The Universal Value of Teacher Education for Inclusive Education