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Gender-affirming health care needs, barriers to care, and health and wellbeing in a broad nationwide sample of transgender people in Norway

Silje-Håvard Bolstad, Norman Anderssen, Bjørge H. Hansen, Ilan H. Meyer

BMC Public Health·2025

Abstract Background Transgender people report increased prevalence of mental distress and suicide attempts compared to the general population. Gender-based minority stressors such as discrimination and victimization are positively associated with mental health problems while social and medical gender transition is inversely associated with mental health problems. Barriers to accessing gender-affirming health care is reported by transgender people in many countries, including Norway which has a state-funded public health care system. The aim of the current study was to examine gender-affirming health care needs, barriers to care and health and wellbeing in a broad nationwide sample of transgender people in Norway. Methods A nationwide sample with 579 transgender participants completed an anonymous online survey during June-September 2023. Chi-square tests and ANOVA were used to examine differences between gender identity groups. Results Having obtained gender-affirming health care was more common among trans men and trans women as compared to nonbinary people. Participants generally reported being satisfied with the outcomes of gender-affirming hormonal and surgical treatments. Having obtained treatment entirely through private funding was reported by 32.5% of those using hormones and 49.5% of those who had obtained surgery. Not being able to afford hormones or surgery was reported by 45.9% and 65.5% among those with unmet treatment needs. Compared to trans men and trans women with unmet needs, nonbinary people with unmet needs were less likely to be under assessment or on a waiting list to obtain treatments. Of the total sample, 36.7% reported suicide attempts, 74.8% reported mental distress above clinical cut-off and 12.5% reported being satisfied with life. Conclusions Transgender people in Norway reported high levels of mental distress and suicidality. Despite being young and with low income, a large proportion had obtained gender-affirming medical treatments entirely through private funding. Transgender people in need of gender-affirming health care could benefit from increased access to care through the state-funded public health care system in Norway.

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The Impacts of Neighborhoods on Intergenerational Mobility I: Childhood Exposure Effects

Raj Chetty, Nathaniel Hendren

Quarterly Journal of Economics·2017

We show that the neighborhoods in which children grow up shape their earnings, college attendance rates, and fertility and marriage patterns by studying more than seven million families who move across commuting zones and counties in the U.S. Exploiting variation in the age of children when families move, we find that neighborhoods have significant childhood exposure effects: the outcomes of children whose families move to a better neighborhood – as measured by the outcomes of children already living there – improve linearly in proportion to the amount of time they spend growing up in that area, at a rate of approximately 4% per year of exposure. We distinguish the causal effects of neighborhoods from confounding factors by comparing the outcomes of siblings within families, studying moves triggered by displacement shocks, and exploiting sharp variation in predicted place effects across birth cohorts, genders, and quantiles to implement overidentification tests. The findings show that neighborhoods affect intergenerational mobility primarily through childhood exposure, helping reconcile conflicting results in the prior literature.

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A Study on the Translation of Architecture in Hong Lou Meng

Jiateng Wang, Yiqi Yu

Theory and Practice in Language Studies·2019·1 citations

With the development of globalization, cultural exchanges have been widely concerned. And the translation of Chinese literary works has become a trend. Due to the pivotal position of architecture name in literary works, coupled with the rich connotations and communicative function, architectural translation is of great. The building names in the classical novel Hong Lou Meng contained meaningful Chinese cultural connotations，so when translating these names，the literature and culture elements should be taken into consideration. This paper makes a comparative study between Yang Xianyi’s and Hawkes’ translation on the base of language and culture, picking up some typical buildings to do the case study and exploring the charm of Chinese ancient architecture culture. At last, in the hope of giving some reference to the practical translation process, the paper will give some suggestions in some architecture translation.

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Jungle Tracks: Unleashing the power of stories to heal from refugee trauma

Pearl Fernandes, Yvette Aiello, Emma Pittaway

Children Australia·2020

Children and young people from refugee backgrounds witness and experience multiple traumatic incidents in the context of their refugee journeys that often remain unspoken because of the inherent challenge to think and talk about these experiences. In addition, they encounter ongoing trials when transitioning to their new homes which place them at risk. Jungle Tracks was developed in 2002 to facilitate therapeutic engagement with refugee children and young people in schools, within a preventative framework. It is a collection of five short stories that have been composed to mirror multiple traumas and cumulative struggles including grief and loss, displacement, discrimination, disempowerment, difficulties with sleep and affect regulation. Whilst communicating in a non-threatening manner, the stories encourage the reader/listener to connect and make meaning of their traumas by identifying with the protagonists in the stories. Jungle Tracks not only bypasses initial resistance but also leverages the power of stories to instil hope and unleash innate healing forces. This paper aims to provide an overview of the Jungle Tracks programme and the results of an initial evaluation of the implementation of Jungle Tracks. This was initiated to provide direction for future research and development of the programme. It was concluded that when children and young people are given the opportunity to process and make meaning of their past traumatic experiences, it can assist them to heal and recover and also offer them the potential for post traumatic growth.

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Isotropic Curvature Model for Understanding Deep Learning Optimization: Is Gradient Orthogonalization Optimal?

Weijie Su

arXiv·2025

In this paper, we introduce a model for analyzing deep learning optimization over a single iteration by leveraging the matrix structure of the weights. We derive the model by assuming isotropy of curvature, including the second-order Hessian and higher-order terms, of the loss function across all perturbation directions; hence, we call it the isotropic curvature model. This model is a convex optimization program amenable to analysis, which allows us to understand how an update on the weights in the form of a matrix relates to the change in the total loss function. As an application, we use the isotropic curvature model to analyze the recently introduced Muon optimizer and other matrix-gradient methods for training language models. First, we show that under a general growth condition on the curvature, the optimal update matrix is obtained by making the spectrum of the original gradient matrix more homogeneous -- that is, making its singular values closer in ratio -- which in particular improves the conditioning of the update matrix. Next, we show that the orthogonalized gradient becomes optimal for the isotropic curvature model when the curvature exhibits a phase transition in growth. Taken together, these results suggest that the gradient orthogonalization employed in Muon and other related methods is directionally correct but may not be strictly optimal. Finally, we discuss future research on how to leverage the isotropic curvature model for designing new optimization methods for training deep learning and language models.

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