Oldest Papers
Budget Cuts in Scholastic Media: A Focus Group Study of Oklahoma Journalism Advisers’ Survival Skills
Melanie Wilderman, Sohana Nasrin, Jeremy Davis
Journalism & Mass Communication Educator·2018·4 citations
<jats:p> Scholastic journalism plays an important role in future professional journalism. Due to journalism’s place in a functioning democracy, journalism education is also tied to a democracy’s success. Many U.S. states have cut budgets severely for public education, which heavily affects subjects such as journalism. Researchers interviewed 14 scholastic journalism advisers in Oklahoma, concerning how student publications function amid financial cuts. Results indicate advisers engaging in innovative teaching and collaboration due to budget cuts, finding ways for publications to connect and be useful for schools and communities, and advisers’ fears and concerns due lack of support and ever-decreasing funding obstacles. </jats:p>
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View paper →A Chikungunya Virus <i>trans</i> -Replicase System Reveals the Importance of Delayed Nonstructural Polyprotein Processing for Efficient Replication Complex Formation in Mosquito Cells
Koen Bartholomeeusen, Age Utt, Sandra Coppens, Kai Rausalu, Katleen Vereecken, Kevin K. Ariën, Andres Merits
Journal of Virology·2018·41 citations
<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title>
<jats:p>
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a medically important alphavirus that is transmitted by
<jats:named-content content-type="genus-species">Aedes aegypti</jats:named-content>
and
<jats:named-content content-type="genus-species">Aedes albopictus</jats:named-content>
mosquitoes. The viral replicase complex consists of four nonstructural proteins (nsPs) expressed as a polyprotein precursor and encompasses all enzymatic activities required for viral RNA replication. nsPs interact with host components of which most are still poorly understood, especially in mosquitos. A CHIKV
<jats:italic>trans</jats:italic>
-replicase system that allows the uncoupling of RNA replication and nsP expression was adapted to mosquito cells and subsequently used for analysis of universal and host-specific effects of 17 different nonstructural polyprotein (ns-polyprotein) mutations. It was found that mutations blocking nsP enzymatic activities as well as insertions of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) into different nsPs had similar effects on
<jats:italic>trans</jats:italic>
-replicase activity regardless of the host (i.e., mammalian or mosquito). Mutations that slow down or accelerate ns-polyprotein processing generally had no effect or reduced
<jats:italic>trans</jats:italic>
-replicase activity in mammalian cells, while in mosquito cells most of them increased
<jats:italic>trans</jats:italic>
-replicase activity prominently. Increased RNA replication in mosquito cells was counteracted by an antiviral RNA interference (RNAi) response. Substitution of the W258 residue in the membrane binding peptide of nsP1 resulted in a temperature-sensitive defect, in the context of both the
<jats:italic>trans</jats:italic>
-replicase and infectious CHIKV. The defect was compensated for by secondary mutations selected during passaging of mutant CHIKV. These findings demonstrate the value of alphavirus
<jats:italic>trans</jats:italic>
-replicase systems for studies of viral RNA replication and virus-host interactions.
</jats:p>
<jats:p>
<jats:bold>IMPORTANCE</jats:bold>
Chikungunya virus is an important mosquito-transmitted human pathogen. This virus actively replicates in mosquitoes, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and interactions of viral and host components are poorly understood. This is partly due to the lack of reliable systems for functional analysis of viral nonstructural polyproteins (ns-polyproteins) and nonstructural proteins (nsPs) in mosquito cells. Adaption of a CHIKV
<jats:italic>trans</jats:italic>
-replicase system allowed study of the effects of mutations in the ns-polyprotein on RNA replication in cells derived from mammalian and mosquito hosts. We found that a slowdown of ns-polyprotein processing facilitates replication complex formation and/or functioning in mosquito cells and that this process is antagonized by the natural RNAi defense system present in mosquito cells. The mosquito-adapted CHIKV
<jats:italic>trans</jats:italic>
-replicase system represents a valuable tool to study alphavirus-mosquito interactions at the molecular level and to develop advanced antiviral strategies.
</jats:p>
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View paper →Explaining Visual Cortex Phenomena using Recursive Cortical Network
Alexander Lavin, J. Swaroop Guntupalli, Miguel Lázaro-Gredilla, Wolfgang Lehrach, Dileep George
2018·2 citations
bstract
The connectivity and information pathways of visual cortex are well studied, as are observed physiological phenomena, yet a cohesive model for explaining visual cortex processes remains an open problem. For a comprehensive understanding, we need to build models of the visual cortex that are capable of robust real-world performance, while also being able to explain psychophysical and physiological observations. To this end, we demonstrate how the Recursive Cortical Network (George et al., 2017) can be used as a computational model to reproduce and explain subjective contours, neon color spreading, occlusion vs. deletion, and the border-ownership competition phenomena observed in the visual cortex.
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View paper →La asociación de la microbiota humana con la inmunoglobulina A y su participación en la respuesta inmunológica
Erick Saúl Sánchez-Salguero, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
Revista Alergia México·2018·5 citations
<jats:p>Human microbiota is the aggregate of microorganisms that reside in our body. Its phylogenetic composition is related to the risk for suffering from inflammatory diseases and allergic conditions. Humans interact with a large number and variety of these microorganisms via the skin and mucous membranes. An immune protection mechanism is the production of secretory IgA (SIgA), which recognizes resident pathogenic microorganisms and prevents their interaction with host epithelial cells by means of immune exclusion. Formerly, it was thought that SIgA only function in mucous membranes was to recognize and exclude pathogens, but thanks to the use of massive sequencing techniques for human microbiota phylogenetic characterization, now we know that it can be associated with pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms, an association that is important for functions the microbiota carries out in epithelia, such as regulating the capability of certain microbial species to settle on the skin and mucous membranes, and stimulation and regulation of the immune response and of the risk for the development of inflammatory problems, allergic conditions, autoimmune diseases, and even cancer. Established microbiota determines the type of bacterial species (and probably viral and protozoan species) that reside on the skin and mucous membranes, promoting microbial diversity.</jats:p>
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View paper →Cancer initiation and progression within the cancer microenvironment.
Stanley P Leong, Athena Aktipis, Carlo Maley
Clinical & experimental metastasis·2018
Within the cancer microenvironment, the growth and proliferation of cancer cells in the primary site as well as in the metastatic site represent a global biological phenomenon. To understand the growth, proliferation and progression of cancer either by local expansion and/or metastasis, it is important to understand the cancer microenvironment and host response to cancer growth. Melanoma is an excellent model to study the interaction of cancer initiation and growth in relationship to its microenvironment. Social evolution with cooperative cellular groups within an organism is what gives rise to multicellularity in the first place. Cancer cells evolve to exploit their cellular environment. The foundations of multicellular cooperation break down in cancer because those cells that misbehave have an evolutionary advantage over their normally behaving neighbors. It is important to classify evolutionary and ecological aspects of cancer growth, thus, data for cancer growth and outcomes need to be collected to define these parameters so that accurate predictions of how cancer cells may proliferate and metastasize can be developed.
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View paper →The Primal Pleasure and Brutal History of Sugar | Eater
Ruby Tandoh
Eater·2018
How a taste for sweetness, developed for survival, became a stand-in for everything good — and evil — about our culture
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View paper →“You never really know who’s looking”: Imagined surveillance across social media platforms
Brooke Erin Duffy, Ngai Keung Chan
New Media & Society·2018·172 citations
<jats:p> Social media users are routinely counseled to cultivate their online personae with acumen and diligence. But universal prescriptions for impression management may prove for vexing for college students, who confront oft-conflicting codes of normative self-presentation in digital contexts. Against this backdrop, our research sought to examine the online self-presentation activities of emerging adults (18–24) across an expansive social media ecology that included Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, Snapchat, and Twitter. Drawing upon in-depth interviews with 28 Fcollege-aged youth, we highlight how the imagined surveillance of various social actors steered their self-presentation practices in patterned ways. After exploring three distinct responses to imagined surveillance—including the use of privacy settings, self-monitoring, and pseudonymous accounts (including “Finstas,” or fake + Instagram)—we consider the wider implications of a cultural moment wherein users are socialized to anticipate the incessant monitoring of social institutions: family, educators, and above all, (future) employers. </jats:p>
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View paper →The Paradox of Viral Outrage
Takuya Sawaoka, Benoît Monin
Psychological Science·2018·45 citations
<jats:p> Moral outrage has traditionally served a valuable social function, expressing group values and inhibiting deviant behavior, but the exponential dynamics of Internet postings make this expression of legitimate individual outrage appear excessive and unjust. The same individual outrage that would be praised in isolation is more likely to be viewed as bullying when echoed online by a multitude of similar responses, as it then seems to contribute to disproportionate group condemnation. Participants ( N = 3,377) saw racist, sexist, or unpatriotic posts with accompanying expressions of outrage and formed impressions of a single commenter. The same commenter was viewed more negatively when accompanied by a greater number of commenters (i.e., when outrage was viral vs. nonviral), and this was because viral outrage elicited greater sympathy toward the initial offender. We examined this effect and its underlying processes across six studies. </jats:p>
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View paper →The Gpr1-regulated Sur7 family protein Sfp2 is required for hyphal growth and cell wall stability in the mycoparasite Trichoderma atroviride
Lea Atanasova, Sabine Gruber, Alexander Lichius, Theresa Radebner, Leoni Abendstein, Martin Münsterkötter, Nancy Stralis-Pavese, Paweł P. Łabaj, David P. Kreil, Susanne Zeilinger
Scientific Reports·2018·31 citations
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Mycoparasites, e.g. fungi feeding on other fungi, are prominent within the genus <jats:italic>Trichoderma</jats:italic> and represent a promising alternative to chemical fungicides for plant disease control. We previously showed that the seven-transmembrane receptor Gpr1 regulates mycelial growth and asexual development and governs mycoparasitism-related processes in <jats:italic>Trichoderma atroviride</jats:italic>. We now describe the identification of genes being targeted by Gpr1 under mycoparasitic conditions. The identified gene set includes a candidate, <jats:italic>sfp2</jats:italic>, encoding a protein of the fungal-specific Sur7 superfamily, whose upregulation in <jats:italic>T</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>atroviride</jats:italic> upon interaction with a fungal prey is dependent on Gpr1. Sur7 family proteins are typical residents of membrane microdomains such as the membrane compartment of Can1 (MCC)/eisosome in yeast. We found that GFP-labeled Gpr1 and Sfp2 proteins show partly overlapping localization patterns in <jats:italic>T</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>atroviride</jats:italic> hyphae, which may point to shared functions and potential interaction during signal perception and endocytosis. Deletion of <jats:italic>sfp2</jats:italic> caused heavily altered colony morphology, defects in polarized growth, cell wall integrity and endocytosis, and significantly reduced mycoparasitic activity, whereas <jats:italic>sfp2</jats:italic> overexpression enhanced full overgrowth and killing of the prey. Transcriptional activation of a chitinase specific for hyphal growth and network formation and strong downregulation of chitin synthase-encoding genes were observed in Δ<jats:italic>sfp2</jats:italic>. Taken together, these findings imply crucial functions of Sfp2 in hyphal morphogenesis of <jats:italic>T</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>atroviride</jats:italic> and its interaction with prey fungi.</jats:p>
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View paper →A survey of detection methods for XSS attacks
Upasana Sarmah, D.K. Bhattacharyya, J.K. Kalita
Journal of Network and Computer Applications·2018·65 citations
No abstract available
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View paper →Laryngeal Realism vs. Modulation Theory – evidence from VOT discrimination in Polish
Geoffrey Schwartz, Daria Arndt
Language Sciences·2018·11 citations
No abstract available
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View paper →All-optical machine learning using diffractive deep neural networks
Xing Lin, Yair Rivenson, Nezih T. Yardimci, Muhammed Veli, Yi Luo, Mona Jarrahi, Aydogan Ozcan
Science·2018·1907 citations
<jats:title>All-optical deep learning</jats:title><jats:p>Deep learning uses multilayered artificial neural networks to learn digitally from large datasets. It then performs advanced identification and classification tasks. To date, these multilayered neural networks have been implemented on a computer. Lin<jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic>demonstrate all-optical machine learning that uses passive optical components that can be patterned and fabricated with 3D-printing. Their hardware approach comprises stacked layers of diffractive optical elements analogous to an artificial neural network that can be trained to execute complex functions at the speed of light.</jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Science</jats:italic>, this issue p.<jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6406" page="1004" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="361" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aat8084">1004</jats:related-article></jats:p>
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