Oldest Papers
Cooperation and cheating as innovation: insights from cellular societies.
Athena Aktipis, Carlo C Maley
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2017
The capacity to innovate is often considered a defining feature of human societies, but it is not a capacity that is unique to human societies: innovation occurs in cellular societies as well. Cellular societies such as multicellular bodies and microbial communities, including the human microbiome, are capable of innovation in response to novel opportunities and threats. Multicellularity represents a suite of innovations for cellular cooperation, but multicellularity also opened up novel opportunities for cells to cheat, exploiting the infrastructure and resources of the body. Multicellular bodies evolve less quickly than the cells within them, leaving them vulnerable to cellular innovations that can lead to cancer and infections. In order to counter these threats, multicellular bodies deploy additional innovations including the adaptive immune system and the development of partnerships with preferred microbial partners. What can we learn from examining these innovations in cooperation and cheating in cellular societies? First, innovation in social systems involves a constant tension between novel mechanisms that enable greater size and complexity of cooperative entities and novel ways of cheating. Second, cultivating cooperation with partners who can rapidly and effectively innovate (such as microbes) is important for large entities including multicellular bodies. And third, multicellularity enabled cells to manage risk socially, allowing organisms to survive in challenging environments where life would otherwise be impossible. Throughout, we ask how insights from cellular societies might be translated into new innovations in human health and medicine, promoting and protecting the cellular cooperation that makes us viable multicellular organisms.This article is part of the themed issue 'Process and pattern in innovations from cells to societies'.
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View paper →Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm
David Silver, Thomas Hubert, Julian Schrittwieser, Ioannis Antonoglou, Matthew Lai, Arthur Guez, Marc Lanctot, Laurent Sifre, Dharshan Kumaran, Thore Graepel, Timothy Lillicrap, Karen Simonyan, Demis Hassabis
arXiv·2017
The game of chess is the most widely-studied domain in the history of
artificial intelligence. The strongest programs are based on a combination of
sophisticated search techniques, domain-specific adaptations, and handcrafted
evaluation functions that have been refined by human experts over several
decades. In contrast, the AlphaGo Zero program recently achieved superhuman
performance in the game of Go, by tabula rasa reinforcement learning from games
of self-play. In this paper, we generalise this approach into a single
AlphaZero algorithm that can achieve, tabula rasa, superhuman performance in
many challenging domains. Starting from random play, and given no domain
knowledge except the game rules, AlphaZero achieved within 24 hours a
superhuman level of play in the games of chess and shogi (Japanese chess) as
well as Go, and convincingly defeated a world-champion program in each case.
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View paper →Human learning in Atari
Pouncy, Thomas, Gershman, Samuel J., Tsividis, Pedro, Xu, Jacqueline L., Tenenbaum, Joshua B
dspace.mit.edu·2017
No abstract available
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View paper →A generative vision model that trains with high data efficiency and breaks text-based CAPTCHAs
Dileep George, Wolfgang Lehrach, Ken Kansky, Miguel Lázaro-Gredilla, Christopher Laan, Bhaskara Marthi, Xinghua Lou, Zhaoshi Meng, Yi Liu, Huayan Wang, Alex Lavin, D. Scott Phoenix
Science·2017·180 citations
<jats:title>Computer or human?</jats:title><jats:p>Proving that we are human is now part of many tasks that we do on the internet, such as creating an email account, voting in an online poll, or even downloading a scientific paper. One of the most popular tests is text-based CAPTCHA, where would-be users are asked to decipher letters that may be distorted, partially obscured, or shown against a busy background. This test is used because computers find it tricky, but (most) humans do not. George<jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic>developed a hierarchical model for computer vision that was able to solve CAPTCHAs with a high accuracy rate using comparatively little training data. The results suggest that moving away from text-based CAPTCHAs, as some online services have done, may be a good idea.</jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Science</jats:italic>, this issue p.<jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6368" page="eaag2612" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="358" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aag2612">eaag2612</jats:related-article></jats:p>
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View paper →Credibility Excess and the Social Imaginary in Cases of Sexual Assault
Audrey S Yap
Feminist Philosophy Quarterly·2017·29 citations
<jats:p>This paper will connect literature on epistemic injustice with literature on victims and perpetrators, to argue that in addition to considering the credibility deficit suffered by many victims, we should also consider the credibility excess accorded to many perpetrators. Epistemic injustice, as discussed by Miranda Fricker, considers ways in which someone might be wronged in their capacity as a knower. Testimonial injustice occurs when there is a credibility deficit as a result of identity-prejudicial stereotypes. However, criticisms of Fricker have pointed out that credibility is part of a more complex system that includes both deficits and excesses. I will use these points to argue that we should look closer at sources of credibility excess in cases of sexual assault. This means that in addition to considering sources of victim blaming by looking at ways in which “ideal” victims are constructed, we also need to consider ways in which “ideal” perpetrators are constructed.</jats:p>
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View paper →2. Death and Burial in Medieval Korea: The Buddhist Legacy
Sem Vermeersch
Death, Mourning, and the Afterlife in Korea·2017
No abstract available
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View paper →‘What makes you think Theology is a subject?’
Trevor Williams
Journal for the Study of Religion·2018
This article focuses on a topic, that is captured in a question that Richard Dawkins raised in 1993: ‘What makes you think Theology is a subject?’ My view is that this question is a symptom of how Theology is under attack from many quarters today – from the fearful believers who see it as a threat to their faith, to the secularists who see it as a threat to truth. Foremost among the opponents is Richard Dawkins. Outraged by a donation to Cambridge for the study of theology, he contrasts the usefulness of science with the uselessness of Theology. The question though, is: What is Theology? In this chapter, I draw a distinction between Confessional Theology and Critical Theology. By Confessional Theology I mean the affirmation of an exclusive point of reference by which all other claims to authority and knowledge are judged. Thus Christians ‘confess Jesus Christ is Lord’, and Confessional Theology is the rational articulation of the Christian Faith from within the circle of Faith – the convictions, experiences, and hopes grounded in the story of Jesus and characterized by commitment and involvement. However, there are ways in which both scientists and theologians, and the two types of Theology, can go wrong.
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View paper →Learning under Concept Drift: A Review
Jie Lu, Anjin Liu, Fan Dong, Feng Gu, Joao Gama, Guangquan Zhang
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering·2018·697 citations
No abstract available
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View paper →Rebetiko Encountering Comic Book
Chrysi Kyratsou, Χρυση Κυρατσου
Music in Art·2018
The music and culture of Greek rebetiko inspired David Prudhomme to produce his comic book Rébétiko: La mauvaise herbe, published in 2009. It is a fictional story about rebetiko in the life of its four emblematic figures, set in a single day in 1936 (Markos Vamvakaris/Μάρκος Βαμβακάρης, Giorgos Batis/Γιώργος Μπάτης, Anestos Delias/Ανέστος Δελλιάς, also known as Artemis/Αρτέμης, and Stavros, whose figure is inspired by Giannis Papaioannou/Γιάννης Παπαϊωάννου). The specific example constitutes an interesting case, where the popular music genre encounters a hybrid medium of visual culture that combines text and image, both of which have been passionately despised and adored. The comic book has a plethora of representations of music and dance, as well as the people who created them, immortalizing certain aspects of the culture and history of rebetiko. At the same time, the comic book is a modern creation that narrates the story of rebetiko mediated by the creator’s own culture and conscience. Aspects regarding the information for the genre, as well as about why the specific aspects were represented in the specific way are discussed: What do the specific representations of rebetiko music and dance inform us of the genre? What do the specific representations tell us of the creator’s culture and conscience? How does the comic book echo myth, and contribute to its making? How do the visual elements represent the sound of the performance? How does the lyrical content of the songs emerge from the pictures? How does the specific comic book form a dialogue with visual representations synchronous of the rebetiko culture?
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View paper →Credit-Bearing Information Literacy Courses in Academic Libraries: Comparing Peers
Spencer Jardine, Sandra Shropshire, Regina Koury
College & Research Libraries·2018·6 citations
No abstract available
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View paper →A Neural Network Approach to Understanding Implied Volatility Movements
Jay Cao, Jacky Chen, John C. Hull
SSRN Electronic Journal·2018·8 citations
We employ neural networks to understand volatility surface movements. We first use daily data on options on the S&P 500 index to derive a relationship between the expected change in implied volatility and three variables: the return on the index, the moneyness of the option, and the remaining life of the option. This model provides an improvement of 10.72% compared with a simpler analytic model. We then enhance the model with an additional feature: the level of the VIX index prior to the return being observed. This produces a further improvement of 62.12% and shows that the expected response of the volatility surface to movements in the index is quite different in high and low volatility environments.
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